The international financial management, capital flows between countries, international financial markets, foreign exchange rates, foreign exchange market instruments, and arbitraging on foreign exchange currencies, the relationship between the countries’ inflation rates, interest rates, and exchange rates, the future exchange rates forecasting, managing any potential loss from the foreign exchange risk exposure, the financing in short-term source of fund, international cash management, international capital structure and cost of capital, foreign direct investments, country risk analysis and international banking.